Category: Anatomy, Physiology and Biomechanics

Directional terms are crucial in canine anatomy and physiology to precisely describe the location, orientation, and movement of various structures within the dog’s body.  These

The skeletal system is categorised into three main parts, each with its distinct functions: The Axial Skeleton This segment spans from the skull to the

There are several types of bones based on their shapes and functions in the body: Long Bones These bones are longer than they are wide

The nervous system plays a crucial role in an animal’s ability to respond to both external stimuli and internal changes within its body. It is

Complexity The human nervous system is incredibly complex, with an estimated 100 billion neurons and trillions of connections, known as synapses, between them. Speed Nervous

The muscular system encompasses all the skeletal muscles in the body. These muscles are attached to the skeleton and are under voluntary control, meaning we

This system is made up of the heart, the blood vessels, the blood and the lymphatic system. The Heart The heart can be described as

The respiratory system in dogs is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

The canine and feline bodies, much like their human counterparts, are intricately organised systems composed of different types of tissues that collectively enable life and

In hydrotherapy for small animals, a specific set of terms is used to describe various aspects of movement, body positioning, and therapeutic actions performed during

The interaction between muscles and the skeleton is a fundamental aspect of the musculoskeletal system that enables animals to perform various movements and functions. The

Isometric Muscle Contraction Imagine doing a strength exercise where you hold a position without any movement. In isometric muscle contraction, the joint angle and muscle

Gait Phases In hydrotherapy for small animals, understanding the phases of gait is essential for assessing and improving their movement patterns. Each phase plays a

Reasons to assess a dog’s posture Identification of Musculoskeletal Issues:  Evaluating a dog’s posture can help identify any musculoskeletal abnormalities or potential health issues. Abnormal

Pain can significantly impact a dog’s gait and biomechanics, leading to noticeable changes in how they move and walk. Gait refers to the pattern of

By conducting a thorough analysis using the above parameters, hydrotherapists and veterinarians can gain valuable insights into the dog’s gait mechanics, identify any gait abnormalities,